Legal Implications of AI in the Criminal Justice System in India

Abstract

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into the criminal justice system has significantly transformed traditional mechanisms of law enforcement, investigation, and adjudication. AI-based tools such as predictive policing, facial recognition systems, risk assessment models, and automated surveillance technologies are increasingly used to enhance efficiency and decision-making. However, the deployment of such technologies raises critical legal and constitutional concerns relating to privacy, fairness, transparency, and accountability. Algorithmic bias, lack of explainability, and the potential misuse of personal data may adversely impact fundamental rights, including the right to privacy and the right to a fair trial. This study examines the legal implications of AI-based decision-making within the criminal justice framework and evaluates the adequacy of existing legal safeguards. It further highlights the need for a comprehensive regulatory framework to ensure responsible AI deployment while safeguarding procedural justice and individual rights.